TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine, with effects on lipid metabolism, coagulation, insulin resistance, and endothelial function. TNF has been considered as an anti-cancer agent since its discovery two decades ago. Members of the TNFR (TNF Receptor) super family can send both survival and death signals to cells. TNF family members play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and modulation of immune responses and induction of inflammation. TNF acts through two receptors, TNFR1 (TNF Receptor-1) and TNFR2 (TNF Receptor-2). TNFR1 is expressed by all human tissues and is the major signaling receptor for TNF-Alpha. TNFR2 is mostly expressed in immune cells and mediates limited biological responses. TNFR2 binds both TNF-Alpha and TNF-Beta (Ref.1, 2, 3 & 4).
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